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Section 1: Congress opposed Lincoln's and Johnson's plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South.
Section 2: Various groups contributed to the rebuilding of Southern society after the war. Section 3:Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction. Important Terms:Section 1:
Reconstruction- was the period during which the United States began to rebuild the Civil War, lasting from 1865 to 1877. The term also refers to the process the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states. Radical Republicans- Under Lincoln's terms, four states- Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia- moved toward readmission to the Union. However, Lincoln's moderate Reconstruction plan angered a minority of Republicans in Congress, these were the Radical Republicans. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania, the Radicals wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders. Most of all, they wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship and the right to vote. Black Codes- discriminatory laws that severely restricted African Americans' lives. Mississippi and South Carolina had first enacted black codes in 1865, and other Southern states had rapidly followed suit. Impeach- to formally charge the President with misconduct in the office Section 2: Scalawags- Democrats, who opposed to the Republicans' plan for Reconstruction, called white Southerners who joined the Republican Party scalawags. Some scalawags hoped to gain political offices with the help of the African-American vote and then use those offices to enrich themselves. Carpetbaggers- The Democrats used an equally unflattering name for the Northerners who moved to the South after the war- carpetbaggers. The name referred to the belief that Northerners arrived with so few belongings that everything could fit in a carpetbag, a small piece of luggage made of carpeting. Sharecropping- landowners divided their land and gave each worker-either freed African American or poor white- a few acres, along with seed and tools. At harvest time, each worker gave a share of his crop, usually half, to the landowner. Tenant Farming- They might even rent land for cash from the planters, and keep all their harvest, in a system known as Tenant Farming. Eventually they might move up the economic ladder to become outright owners of their farms. Section 3: Ku Klux Klan (KKK)- founded as a social club for Confederate veterans, it started in Tennessee in 1866. A membership in the group spread rapidly through the south, many of the new chapters turned into violent terrorist organizations. By 1868, the Klan existed in practically every Southern state. Its goal was to restore white supremacy. Between 1868 and 1871, the Klan and other secret groups killed thousands of men, women, and children,and burned schools, churches,and property. Redemption- this is what the Democrats called their return to power in the South Panic of 1873-In September of 1873, Cooke's banking firm, the nation's largest dealer in government securities, went bankrupt, setting of a series of financial failures. Home Rule- the ability to run state governments without federal intervention. |
Section 1:
Andrew Johnson- succeeded Abraham Lincoln as president- entered politics in Tennessee. He won several important offices, including those of congressman,governor, and U.S. senator. Thaddeus Stevens- Representative of Pennsylvania, helped lead the Radical Republicans, which wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders. Most of all, they wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship and the right to vote. Section 2: Hiram Revels- the first African-American senator, during the congressional Reconstruction, only 16 Southerns out of 125 were African Americans, he was one of them. Section 3: Rutherford B. Hayes- in the election of 1876, Grant did not run for a third term, The Republicans chose the stodgy governor of Ohio, Rutherford B. Hayes, as their candidate. Samuel J. Tilden- The Democrats chose him as their candidate, his was the Governor of New York. He helped clean up the graft that had flourished in New York City under the corrupt Tweed Ring. Important Amendments, Acts, etc. :Section 1:
Wade-Davis Bill- the Radicals responded to the Ten-Percent Plan by passing this bill, which proposed that Congress, not the president, be responsible for Reconstruction. It also declared that for a state government to be formed, a majority- not just ten percent- of those eligible to vote in 1860 would have to take a solemn oath to support the Constitution. Freedman's Bureau- The bureau, established by Congress in the last month of the war, assisted former slaves and poor whites in the South by distributing clothing and food. In addition, the Freedmen's Bureau set up more than 40 hospitals, approximately 4,000 schools, 61 industrial institutes, and 74 teacher-training centers. Fourteenth Amendment- provided a constitutional basis for the Civil Rights Act, made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country. All were entitled to equal protection of the law, and no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, did not specifically give African Americans the vote, but did specify that if any state prevented a portion of its males citizens from voting, that state would lose a percentage of its congressional seats equal to the percentage of citizens from the polls. Fifteenth Amendment- which states that no one can be kept from voting because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." The amendments would also affect Northern states, many of which at this time barred African Americans from voting, was an important victory for the Radicals. Section 3: Compromise of 1877- Republican leaders agreed to these demands, and Hayes was peacefully inaugurated. The acceptance of this compromise meant the end of Reconstruction in the South. |
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