Main Ideas: |
Important People: |
Section 1:
At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom. Section 2: The growth and consolidation of railroads benefited the nation but also led to corruption and required government regulation. Section 3: The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form unions to better their lives. How Inventions Helped Women:The typewriter and telephone particularly affected office work and created new jobs for women. Although women made up less than 5% of all office workers in 1870, by 1910 they accounted for nearly 40% of the clerical work force. New inventions also had a tremendous impact on factory work, as well as on jobs that traditionally had been done at home. For example, women had previously sewn clothing by hand for their families. With industrialization, clothing could be mass-produced in factories, creating a need for garment workers, many of whom were woman.
Important Terms:Section 1:
Bessemer Process- developed independently by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American iron maker William Kelly around 1850, soon became widely used. This technique involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities. Section 2: Transcontinental Railroad- crowds across the United States cheered as the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met at Promontory,Utah, on May 10,1869. A golden spike marked the spanning of the nation. Credit Mobilier- In one of the most infamous schemes, stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed, in 1864, a construction company, Credit Mobilier, The stockholders gave this company a contract to lay track at two to three times the actual cost-and pocketed the profits. They donated shares of stock to about 20 representatives in Congress in 1867. Munn v. Illinois- the Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to two. Section 3: Vertical Integration- a process in which he bought out his suppliers-coal field and iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines- in order to control the raw materials and transportation system. Horizontal Integration- companies products similar products merge. Social Darwinism- grew out of the English naturalist Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution, In his book On the Origin of Species, publish in 1859, Darwin described his observations that some individuals of a species flourish and pass their traits along to the next generation, while others do not. "Natural Selection" weeded out less-suited individuals. American Federation of Labor- Gompers was the president, focused on collective bargaining, or negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions. Industrial Workers of the World- Wobblies, headed by William "Big Bill" Haywood, the Wobblies included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers. Unlike the ARU, the IWW welcomed African Americans, but membership never topped 100,000. Its only major strike victory occurred in 1912. |
Section 1:
Edwin L. Drake- successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania, that removing oil from beneath the earth's surface became practical. This started an oil boom that spread to Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and eventually, Texas. Thomas Alva Edison- was a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. There Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb- patented in 1880- and later invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power. Christopher Sholes- invented the typewriter in 1867 and changed the world of work. Alexander Graham Bell- invented the most dramatic invention, the telephone in 1876. It opened the way for a worldwide communications network. Section 2: George M. Pullman- built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie. The nearby town he built for his employees followed in part the models of earlier industrial experiments in Europe. His residents lived in clean, well-constructed brick houses and apartment buildings with at least one window in every room- a luxury for city dwellers. In addition, the town offered services and facilities such as doctors' offices, shops, and an athletic field. Section 3: Andrew Carnegie- came to America in 1848. Six years later, he worked his way up to become private secretary to the local superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad. One morning, Carnegie single-handedly relayed messages that unsnarled a tangle of freight and passenger trains. John D. Rockefeller- established Standard Oil Company, he took a different approach to mergers; they joined with competing companies in trust agreements. Participants in a trust turned their stock over to a group of trustees- people who ran the separate companies as one large corporation. Samuel Gompers- he led the Cigar Markers' International Union to join other craft unions in 1886 Eugene V. Debs- attempted to form such an industrial union-the American Railway Union. Mary Harris Jones- supported the Great Strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America. She endured death threats and jail with the coal miners, who gave her the nickname Mother Jones. Acts, Laws, and More:Section 2:
Interstate Commerce Act- reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a five-member Inter State Commerce Commission (ICC) for that purpose. Section 3: Sherman Antitrust Act- made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries. |